domenica 25 aprile 2010
Oh Diogenes - 12, on bombs
Oh Diogenes - 11, on "usism"
Oh Diogenes - 10, on omelette
Nota:per seguire il filo dei post Oh Diogenes bisogna andare in senso inverso, cioè partire da Oh Diogenes - 1.
Se l’amore universale è impossibile per l’essere umano, finito, imperfetto, bisogna scegliere il nostro prossimo, correndo il rischio di dimenticare alcuni e compiangere altri.
Ma quali non devono essere, a mio avviso, i criteri alla base di questa scelta? Ovvero, quali criteri ci portano in realtà a commettere azioni malvagie?
Il primo di questi criteri è la ricerca del male minore, che almeno sul piano morale* mi sembra sempre dubbio, a dir poco.
Un caso estremo e tremendo della logica del male minore è descritto da H. Arendt, a proposito di quelli ebrei che, durante la seconda guerra mondiale, accettarono le categorie privilegiate dei nazisti riguardo a chi poteva essere escluso o meno dai campi di sterminio: gli ebrei tedeschi e non gli ebrei polacchi, i veterani di guerra e non gli ebrei comuni, …. Per salvare alcuni, più prossimi di altri, altri vengono mandati a morire. Ecco la logica estrema del male minore. Per ritornare al caso specifico, così facendo quegli ebrei che individuavano l'eccezione riconoscevano nello stesso tempo la regola generale nazista. “Chi sceglie il male minore – dice la Arendt-dimentica rapidamente di aver scelto a favore del male”.
Un grande adepto del male minore era Stalin, secondo il quale non si può fare la frittata senza rompere qualche uova. Banalizzazione, (finta) necessità sono qui all’opera per aiutarci a dimenticare che il male minore appunto sempre male è.
Ma le uova che possono fare? Possono denunciare, dice la Arendt, che nel caso di cui sopra propone infatti la disobbedienza civile.
Bisogna uscire dal falso dilemma. O come rispondeva Robert Pirsig a chi gli chiedeva quale delle due corna di un toro arrabbiato davanti a sé avrebbe scelto, si può rifiutare di entrare nell’arena, si può tirare la sabbia negli occhi del toro e anche cantargli una ninna nanna finché non si addormenta.
* C’è un libricino bellissimo sul male minore – inteso sia sul piano morale che politico – di Eyal Weizman, Il Male Minore, edizioni Nottetempo. Una sua discussione sul tema, in inglese, si trova qui: http://roundtable.kein.org/node/802
AntoEnglish
Note to the reader: if you want to follow the bla bla, it’s better to start from the beginning, from Oh Diogenes 1.
If universal love is impossible for us, flawed and finite human beings, we need to choose our neighbour, forgetting someone, feeling sorry for other ones.
What needn’t to be, however, the criteria of this choice? In other words, what are the selection criteria which will lead to commit evil actions?
The lesser evil is, in my opinion, the first criterion to be eliminated at least on a moral level*.
An extreme and horrific case of this logic is described by H. Arendt, with regard to those Jews
who during the II World War accepted Nazi privileged categories on whom should or should not have been sent to the lager: Polish Jews and not German ones, common people and not veterans ,…. To save some, you let others be killed, that’s how the logic of the lesser evil works here. Coming back to Arendt’s case, those Jews precisely by finding exception were in fact recognising the Nazi principle. “Those who choose the lesser evil – Arendt commented - forget very quickly that they chose evil”.
Another adept to the lesser evil was Stalin for whom “you cannot make an omelette without breaking some eggs”. Trivialisation, fake necessity are at place here to make us forget that lesser evil is evil anyway.
So what should the eggs do? Eggs should speak up said H. Arendt, advocating in the case reported above civil disobedience.
We need to exit the false dilemma. Or, as Robert Pirsig said when asked which horn he would choose in front of an angry bull, one “can refuse to enter the arena”, “throw sand in the bull’s eyes”, and “sing the bull to sleep”.
* On this subject I like very much a book, unfortunately only in Italian, bu Eyal Weizman but you can find his thought on the lesser evil, on a political and moral level here: http://roundtable.kein.org/node/802.
domenica 11 aprile 2010
Intermezzo
Oh Diogenes 9, on cul de sac
AntoEnglish
Hence to consider other human beings as superfluous seems to be one condition for which a normal person, an employee like myself, can do atrocities. As I do not regulalry meet, and I suppose I am not unique in that respect, with mankind in general, let’s say I can become a torturer, or I can push somebody who is trying to commit suicide from the bridge, precisely when I take the life of this other person as superfluous.
But, what does it mean not to consider another life as superfluous? Let’s say provisionnaly that it means generally to care for his/her life. Now let’s imagine I want to care for others. Can I care for everybody? If I cannot, how can I choose whose life is less superfluous than another one? By the very fact of choosing, am I not considering someonelse life as superfluous? It seems we are in a cul de sac: we cannot choose our neighbour and we cannot not choose him or her*. From one hand we cannot care for everybody. Universal love does not exist, as we are not God and I’ve already said in my previous post to what terrible things can take our delusion of omnipotence. Indeed, Don Milani**, whose motto was I Care, said: “Actually we can love only a limited number of people, maybe some dozens, maybe hundreds”. To care for somebody means to feel responsible for him/her and to act accordingly (let me add more or less) with this responsibility. Otherwise we do as those singers who cry “I love you” during concerts. Primo Levi says the same things from another angle: “If you had to and could suffer all the pains of the world, you simply couldn’t survive”. And Todorov goes on: “Who is tempted by sanctity risks his /her life. To remain alive, we choose the subject of our compassion by the circumstances, feeling sorry for someone and forgetting others.” A certain degree of indifference is thus necessary, in order to take care of somebody. But how can we select who to care for?
*This cul de sac is just an apparent one. I need it to talk about some interesting cases, but it is actually a misuse of language and thought as it postulates an all theoric universalim and does not take into account those circumstances in which actions are deploied. It's a bit as in my post about oranges and apples. **http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_Milani
sabato 10 aprile 2010
Oh Diogenes - 8, on superfluity
Non mi soffermo sulle differenze specifiche degli orrori accaduti nei totalitarismi del XX secolo (perché neanche le conosco tutte), però vorrei citare un paio di considerazioni della Arendt. Mentre nega una "satanica grandezza" del male totalitario dice però di vedere una differenza tra un uomo che ammazza una vecchia zia e persone che hanno costruito “fabbriche per produrre salme.” Forse - aggiunge - la differenza consiste nel fatto che nel caso del Nazismo, si è trattato non di “uccidere essere umani per ragioni umane, ma di un tentativo organizzato di estirpare il concetto stesso di essere umano.” Sono d’accordo per quanto capisco: il "tentativo organizzato” mi sembra specifico di alcune determinate situazioni o regimi. Purtroppo non arrivo a capire cosa intenda la Arendt con “il concetto dell’essere umano” (se qualcuno lo sa, mi aiuti per favore). In un’altra lettera a Jaspers definisce il male radicale come quello che rende gli esseri umani superflui. Il numero conta: il male nega il plurale e il pluralismo. Ein Volk, Ein Reich, Ein Fuhrer. E questo, continua la Arendt, a causa di una illusione di onnipotenza. Tradendo il suo pensiero e generalizzando ancora una volta, la superfluità può aiutare a definire un'azione malvagia. Qualche post fa dicevo che questa consisteva nel considerare l'altro non come un essere umano al mio pari, cioè posso precisare ora, nel considerare l'altro superfluo. Chi commette azioni crudeli prende il posto di dio, considerandosi onnipotente e in questo modo nega la necessità di altri, uomini e donne. Intesa così, la superfluità si applica a molti casi, dalle stragi di vicinato a quelle commesse dai regimi. E per assonanza, mi ricordo di quanto dice Sofri nel suo libro Chi è il mio prossimo? a proposito di come vengono chiamati i barboni in alcuni paesi dell’America Latina: desechable, ovvero usa e getta.
AntoEnglish
I won’t sum up the specificities of totalitarian horrors (also because I don’t know many of them), but I would like to quote once again H. Arendt on the matter. While denying the “satanic greatness” of totalitarian evil she sees however a difference between the man who sets out to murder his aunt and those who build “factories to produce corpses.” And she goes on by adding that the difference is that what happened with Nazism was not to “kill human beings for human reasons, but that an organized attempt was made to eradicate the concept of human being.” As far as I understand I agree: the “organized attempt” seems to me specific of certain circumstances, alias regimes. Unfortunately I don’t catch what she means by “the concept of human being” (so please if someone does please tell me). In another letter to Jaspers on radical evil, she says that it consists on considering human beings as superfluous. The grammatical number is important: evil denies plurality and pluralism. Ein Volk, Ein Reich, Ein Fuhrer. And this, according to her, derives from a “delusion of omnipotence”. Betraying her thought and generalising once again, superfluity could help understanding what evil actions mean. I said in some previous post that an evil action is one in which the other is not considered as an human being, that is - as I can precise now - the other is considered as superfluous. Who perpetrates evil deeds takes the place of god and by assuming his/her omnipotence, denies the necessity of the others. In this sense, this definition of evil could apply to many situations, from neighbourhood massacres to those made by regimes. By assonance I remember what Adriano Sofri * says in one of his books about how tramps are called in some Latin American countries: desechable, that is disposable.
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriano_Sofri
Oh Diogenes - 7, on apples and oranges
lunedì 5 aprile 2010
Oh Diogenes - 6, on distance
Oh Diogenes - 5, or on vicinity


